苹果公司推出的新编程语言Swift简介和入门教程

前端技术 2023/09/06 IOS

一、Swift是什么?

Swift是苹果于WWDC 2014发布的编程语言,这里引用The Swift Programming Language的原话:

复制代码 代码如下:

Swift is a new programming language for iOS and OS X apps that builds on the best of C and Objective-C, without the constraints of C compatibility.
Swift adopts safe programming patterns and adds modern features to make programming easier, more flexible and more fun.
Swift\'s clean slate, backed by the mature and much-loved Cocoa and Cocoa Touch frameworks, is an opportunity to imagine how software development works.
Swift is the first industrial-quality systems programming language that is as expressive and enjoyable as a scripting language.

简单的说:
Swift用来写iOS和OS X程序。(估计也不会支持其它屌丝系统)
Swift吸取了C和Objective-C的优点,且更加强大易用。
Swift可以使用现有的Cocoa和Cocoa Touch框架。
Swift兼具编译语言的高性能(Performance)和脚本语言的交互性(Interactive)。

二、Swift语言概览

1.基本概念

注:这一节的代码源自The Swift Programming Language中的A Swift Tour。

1.1.Hello, world

类似于脚本语言,下面的代码即是一个完整的Swift程序。

复制代码 代码如下:

println(\"Hello, world\")

1.2.变量与常量

Swift使用var声明变量,let声明常量。

复制代码 代码如下:

ar myVariable = 42
myVariable = 50
let myConstant = 42

1.3.类型推导

Swift支持类型推导(Type Inference),所以上面的代码不需指定类型,如果需要指定类型:

复制代码 代码如下:
let explicitDouble : Double = 70

Swift不支持隐式类型转换(Implicitly casting),所以下面的代码需要显式类型转换(Explicitly casting):

复制代码 代码如下:

let label = \"The width is \"
let width = 94
let width = label + String(width)


1.4.字符串格式化

Swift使用(item)的形式进行字符串格式化:

复制代码 代码如下:

let apples = 3
let oranges = 5
let appleSummary = \"I have (apples) apples.\"
let appleSummary = \"I have (apples + oranges) pieces of fruit.\"


1.5.数组和字典

Swift使用[]操作符声明数组(array)和字典(dictionary):

复制代码 代码如下:

var shoppingList = [\"catfish\", \"water\", \"tulips\", \"blue paint\"]
shoppingList[1] = \"bottle of water\"
var occupations = [
    \"Malcolm\": \"Captain\",
    \"Kaylee\": \"Mechanic\",
]
occupations[\"Jayne\"] = \"Public Relations\"

一般使用初始化器(initializer)语法创建空数组和空字典:

复制代码 代码如下:

let emptyArray = String[]()
let emptyDictionary = Dictionary<String, Float>()

如果类型信息已知,则可以使用[]声明空数组,使用[:]声明空字典。

2.控制流

2.1概览

Swift的条件语句包含if和switch,循环语句包含for-in、for、while和do-while,循环/判断条件不需要括号,但循环/判断体(body)必需括号:

复制代码 代码如下:

let individualScores = [75, 43, 103, 87, 12]
var teamScore = 0
for score in individualScores {
    if score > 50 {
        teamScore += 3
    } else {
        teamScore += 1
    }
}

2.2可空类型

结合if和let,可以方便的处理可空变量(nullable variable)。对于空值,需要在类型声明后添加?显式标明该类型可空。

复制代码 代码如下:

var optionalString: String? = \"Hello\"
optionalString == nil
var optionalName: String? = \"John Appleseed\"
var gretting = \"Hello!\"
if let name = optionalName {
    gretting = \"Hello, (name)\"
}

2.3灵活的switch

Swift中的switch支持各种各样的比较操作:

复制代码 代码如下:

let vegetable = \"red pepper\"
switch vegetable {
case \"celery\":
    let vegetableComment = \"Add some raisins and make ants on a log.\"
case \"cucumber\", \"watercress\":
    let vegetableComment = \"That would make a good tea sandwich.\"
case let x where x.hasSuffix(\"pepper\"):
    let vegetableComment = \"Is it a spicy (x)?\"
default:
    let vegetableComment = \"Everything tastes good in soup.\"
}

2.4其它循环

for-in除了遍历数组也可以用来遍历字典:

复制代码 代码如下:

let interestingNumbers = [
    \"Prime\": [2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13],
    \"Fibonacci\": [1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8],
    \"Square\": [1, 4, 9, 16, 25],
]
var largest = 0
for (kind, numbers) in interestingNumbers {
    for number in numbers {
        if number > largest {
            largest = number
        }
    }
}
largest

while循环和do-while循环:

复制代码 代码如下:

var n = 2
while n < 100 {
    n = n * 2
}

var m = 2
do {
    m = m * 2
} while m < 100
m

Swift支持传统的for循环,此外也可以通过结合..(生成一个区间)和for-in实现同样的逻辑。

复制代码 代码如下:

var firstForLoop = 0
for i in 0..3 {
    firstForLoop += i
}
firstForLoop
var secondForLoop = 0
for var i = 0; i < 3; ++i {
    secondForLoop += 1
}
secondForLoop

注意:Swift除了..还有…:..生成前闭后开的区间,而…生成前闭后闭的区间。

3.函数和闭包

3.1函数

Swift使用func关键字声明函数:

复制代码 代码如下:

func greet(name: String, day: String) -> String {

    return \"Hello (name), today is (day).\"

}
greet(\"Bob\", \"Tuesday\")

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